Imagine you’re paralyzed and can’t move or speak. How would you communicate with the world? This video describes the principles of early brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) designed to read electrical brain signals, analyze how brain activity patterns contribute to vocal tract movements, and reproduce the sound patterns as speech. The model is a first step toward one day restoring paralyzed individuals’ natural rate of communication and quality of life. For more information see https://ja.ma/37dfVSx and https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1119-1. Author: Edward Chang, M.D. Professor and Vice Chair of Neurological Surgery Jeanne Robertson Distinguished Professor William K. Bowes Jr Biomedical Investigator Co-Director, Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses at UC Berkeley and UCSF Weill Institute of Neurosciences University of California, San Francisco